Two IE phylogenies, three PIE migrations, and four kinds of steppe pastoralism

African pastoralism: genetic imprints of origins and migrations.

The genetic history of African cattle pastoralism is controversial and poorly understood. We reveal the genetic signatures of its origins, secondary movements, and differentiation through the study of 15 microsatellite loci in 50 indigenous cattle breeds spanning the present cattle distribution in Africa. The earliest cattle originated within the African continent, but Near East and European ge...

Three Levels of Semiosis: Three Kinds of Kinds

In philosophy, there is an as yet unresolved discussion on whether there are different kinds of kinds and what those kinds are. In particular, there is a distinction between indifferent kinds, which are unaffected by observation and representation, and interactive kinds, which respond to being studied in ways that alter the very kinds under study. This is in essence a discussion on ontologies a...

Three kinds of ethics for three kinds of engineering

Two Kinds of Universals and two Kinds of Groups

Philosophers have long debated about two ways of conceiving of universals: as Platonic universals and as Aristotelian universals. Roughly, Aristotelian universals are inherent in the particulars that instantiate them; they can be multiply located (located just where the instances are located), and they exist only if they have at least one instance. Platonic universals, by contrast, are truly ab...

Four kinds of object symmetry

Abstract: This paper examines cross-speaker and cross-dialectal variation in object symmetry effects in three Germanic languages, English, Norwegian and Swedish. We argue that object symmetry effects are not a unified phenomenon, but rather that the availability of locality obviating theme movement out of applicative structures has different sources in different constructions. Both case-based a...